SASANK@TECHNOMANIA

Question: What are the wildcards used for pattern matching. 

Answer: _ for single character substitution and % for multi-character substitution. 

Question: How can I hide a particular table name of our schema? 

Answer: you can hide the table name by creating synonyms. 

e.g) you can create a synonym y for table x 

create synonym y for x; 

Question: When we give SELECT * FROM EMP; How does oracle respond: 

Answer: When u give SELECT * FROM EMP; 

the server check all the data in the EMP file and it displays the data of the EMP file 

Question: What is the use of CASCADE CONSTRAINTS? 

Answer: When this clause is used with the DROP command, a parent table can be dropped even when a child table exists. 

Question: There are 2 tables, Employee and Department. There are few records in employee table, for which, the department is not assigned. The output of the query should contain all th employees names and their corresponding departments, if the department is assigned otherwise employee names and null value in the place department name. What is the query? 

Answer: What you want to use here is called a left outer join with Employee table on the left side. A left outer join as the name says picks up all the records from the left table and based on the joint column picks the matching records from the right table and in case there are no matching records in the right table, it shows null for the selected columns of the right table. E.g. in this query which uses the key-word LEFT OUTER JOIN. Syntax though varies across databases. In DB2/UDB it uses the key word LEFT OUTER JOIN, in case of Oracle the connector is Employee_table.Dept_id *= Dept_table.Dept_id 

SQL Server/Sybase : 

Employee_table.Dept_id(+) = Dept_table.Dept_id 

Question: on index 

why u need indexing? Where that is stored 

and what u mean by schema object? 

For what purpose we are using view 

Answer: We can?t create an Index on Index. Index is stored in user_index table. Every object that has been created on Schema is Schema Object like Table, View etc. If we want to share the particular data to various users we have to use the virtual table for the Base table...So that is a view. 

Question: How to store directory structure in a database? 

Answer: We can do it by the following command: create or replace directory as 'c: \tmp' 

Question: Why does the following command give a compilation error? 

DROP TABLE &TABLE_NAME; 

Answer: Variable names should start with an alphabet. Here the table name starts with an '&' symbol. 

Question: Difference between VARCHAR and VARCHAR2? 

Answer: Varchar means fixed length character data (size) i.e., min size-1 and max-2000 

Varchar2 means variable length character data i.e., min-1 to max-4000 

Question: Which command displays the SQL command in the SQL buffer, and then executes it 

Answer: You set the LIST or L command to get the recent one from SQL Buffer 

Question: Which system table contains information on constraints on all the tables created? 

Answer: USER_CONSTRAINTS. 

Question: How do I write a program which will run a SQL query and mail the results to a group? 

Answer: Use DBMS_JOB for scheduling a program job and DBMS_MAIL to send the results through email. 

Question: There is an Eno. & gender in a table. Eno. has primary key and gender has a check constraints for the values 'M' and 'F'. 

While inserting the data into the table M was misspelled as F and F as M. 

What is the update? 

Answer: update set gender= 

case where gender='F' Then 'M' 

where gender='M' Then 'F' 

Question: What the difference between UNION and UNIONALL? 

Answer: union will return the distinct rows in two select s, while union all return all rows. 

Question: How can we backup the sql files & what is SAP? 

Answer: You can backup the sql files through backup utilities or some backup command in sql. SAP is ERP software for the organization to integrate the software. 

Question: What is the difference between TRUNCATE and DELETE commands? 

Answer: TRUNCATE is a DDL command whereas DELETE is a DML command. Hence DELETE operation can be rolled back, but TRUNCATE operation cannot be rolled back. 

WHERE clause can be used with DELETE and not with TRUNCATE. 

Question: State true or false. !=, <>, ^= all denote the same operation. 

Answer: True. 

Question: State true or false. EXISTS, SOME, ANY are operators in SQL. 

Answer: True. 

Question: What will be the output of the following query? 

SELECT REPLACE (TRANSLATE (LTRIM (RTRIM ('!! ATHEN!!','!'), '!'), 'AN', '**'),'*','TROUBLE') FROM DUAL; 

Answer: TROUBLETHETROUBLE. 

Question: What is the advantage to use trigger in your PL? 

Answer: Triggers are fired implicitly on the tables/views on which they are created. There are various advantages of using a trigger. Some of them are: 

- Suppose we need to validate a DML statement (insert/Update/Delete) that modifies a table then we can write a trigger on the table that gets fired implicitly whenever DML statement is executed on that table. 

- Another reason of using triggers can be for automatic updation of one or more tables whenever a DML/DDL statement is executed for the table on which the trigger is created. 

- Triggers can be used to enforce constraints. For eg: Any insert/update/ Delete statements should not be allowed on a particular table after office hours. For enforcing this constraint Triggers should be used. 

- Triggers can be used to publish information about database events to subscribers. Database event can be a system event like Database startup or shutdown or it can be a user even like User login in or user logoff. 

Question: How write a SQL statement to query the result set and display row as columns and columns as row? 

Answer: TRANSFORM Count (Roll_no) AS Count of Roll_no 

SELECT Academic_Status 

FROM tbl_enr_status 

GROUP BY Academic_Status 

PIVOT Curnt_status; 

Question: Cursor Syntax brief history 

Answer: To retrieve data with SQL one row at a time you need to use cursor processing. Not all relational databases support this, but many do. Here I show this in Oracle with PL/SQL, which is Procedural Language SQL .Cursor processing is done in several steps:1. Define the rows you want to retrieve. This is called declaring the cursor.2. Open the cursor. This activates the cursor and loads the data. Note that declaring the cursor doesn't load data, opening the cursor does.3. Fetch the data into variables.4. Close the cursor. 

Question: What is the data type of the surrogate key? 

Answer: Data type of the surrogate key is either integer or numeric or number 

Question: How to write a sql statement to find the first occurrence of a non zero value? 

Answer: There is a slight chance the column "a" has a value of 0 which is not null. In that case, you?ll loose the information. There is another way of searching the first not null value of a column: 

select column_name from table_name where column_name is not null and rownum<2; 

Question: What is normalazation, types with e.g.\'s. _ with queries of all types 

Answer: There are 5 normal forms. It is necessary for any database to be in the third normal form to maintain referential integrity and non-redundancy. 

First Normal Form: Every field of a table (row, col) must contain an atomic value 

Second Normal Form: All columns of a table must depend entirely on the primary key column. 

Third Normal Form: All columns of a table must depend on all columns of a composite primary key. 

Fourth Normal Form: A table must not contain two or more independent multi-valued facts. This normal form is often avoided for maintenance reasons. 

Fifth Normal Form: is about symmetric dependencies. 

Each normal form assumes that the table is already in the earlier normal form. 

Question: Given an unnormalized table with columns: 

Answer: The query will be: delete from tabname where rowid not in (select max (rowid) from tabname group by name) Here tabname is the table name. 

Question: How to find second maximum value from a table? 

Answer: select max (field1) from tname1 where field1= (select max (field1) from tname1 where field1<(select max(field1) from tname1); 

Field1- Salary field 

Tname= Table name. 

Question: What is the advantage of specifying WITH GRANT OPTION in the GRANT command? 

Answer: The privilege receiver can further grant the privileges he/she has obtained from the owner to any other user. 

Question: What is the main difference between the IN and EXISTS clause in sub queries?? 

Answer: The main difference between the IN and EXISTS predicate in sub query is the way in which the query gets executed. 

IN -- The inner query is executed first and the list of values obtained as its result is used by the outer query. The inner query is executed for only once. 

EXISTS -- The first row from the outer query is selected, then the inner query is executed and, the outer query output uses this result for checking. This process of inner query execution repeats as many no .of times as there are outer query rows. That is, if there are ten rows that can result from outer query, the inner query is executed that many no. of times. 

Question: TRUNCATE TABLE EMP; 

DELETE FROM EMP; 

Will the outputs of the above two commands differ 

Answer: The difference is that the TRUNCATE call cannot be rolled back and all memory space for that table is released back to the server. TRUNCATE is much faster than DELETE and in both cases only the table data is removed, not the table structure. 

Question: What is table space? 

Answer: Table-space is a physical concept. It has pages where the records of the database are stored with a logical perception of tables. So table space contains tables. 

Question: How to find out the 10th highest salary in SQL query? 

Answer: Table - Tbl_Test_Salary 

Column - int_salary 

select max (int_salary) 

from Tbl_Test_Salary 

where int_salary in 

(select top 10 int_Salary from Tbl_Test_Salary order by int_salary) 

Question: Which command executes the contents of a specified file? 

Answer: START or @. 

Question: What is the difference between SQL and SQL SERVER? 

Answer: SQL Server is an RDBMS just like oracle, DB2 from Microsoft 

whereas 

Structured Query Language (SQL), pronounced "sequel", is a language that provides an interface to relational database systems. It was developed by IBM in the 1970s for use in System R. SQL is a de facto standard, as well as an ISO and ANSI standard. SQL is used to perform various operations on RDBMS. 

Question: What is the difference between Single row sub-Query and Scalar Sub-Query? 

Answer: SINGLE ROW SUBQUERY RETURNS A VALUE WHICH IS USED BY WHERE CLAUSE, WHEREAS SCALAR SUBQUERY IS A SELECT STATEMENT USED IN COLUMN LIST CAN BE THOUGHT OF AS AN INLINE FUNCTION IN SELECT COLUMN LIST. 

Question: What does the following query do? 

Answer: SELECT SAL + NVL (COMM, 0) FROM EMP; 

It gives the added value of sal and comm for each employee in the emp table. 

NVL (null value) replaces null with 0. 

Question: How to find second maximum value from a table? 

Answer: select max (field1) from tname1 where field1= (select max (field1) from tname1 where field1< (select max (field1) from tname1);

Field1- Salary field 

Tname= Table name. 

Question: I have a table with duplicate names in it. Write me a query which returns only duplicate rows with number of times they are repeated. 

Answer: SELECT COL1 FROM TAB1 

WHERE COL1 IN 

(SELECT MAX (COL1) FROM TAB1 

GROUP BY COL1 

HAVING COUNT (COL1) > 1) 

Question: How to find out the database name from SQL*PLUS command prompt? 

Answer: Select * from global_name; 

This will give the data base name which u r currently connected to..... 

Question: How to display duplicate rows in a table? 

Answer: select * from emp 

group by (empid) 

having count (empid)>1 

Question: What is the value of comm and sal after executing the following query if the initial value of ?sal? is 10000 

UPDATE EMP SET SAL = SAL + 1000, COMM = SAL*0.1; 

Answer: sal = 11000, comm = 1000. 

Question: 1) What is difference between Oracle and MS Access? 

2) What are disadvantages in Oracle and MS Access? 

2) What are features & advantages in Oracle and MS Access? 

Answer: Oracle's features for distributed transactions, materialized views and replication are not available with MS Access. These features enable Oracle to efficiently store data for multinational companies across the globe. Also these features increase scalability of applications based on Oracle. 

Whether you are hacking wireless, exploiting servers, learning, performing a web application assessment, or social-engineering a client, BackTrack is the one-stop-shop for all of your security needs. BackTrack is intended for all audiences from the most savvy security professionals to early newcomers to the information security field. BackTrack promotes a quick and easy way to find and update the largest database of security tool collection to-date.

The evolution of BackTrack spans many years of development, penetration tests, and unprecedented help from the security community. BackTrack originally started with earlier versions of live Linux distributions called Whoppix, IWHAX, and Auditor. When BackTrack was developed, it was designed to be an all in one live cd used on security audits and was specifically crafted to not leave any remnants of itself on the laptop. It has since expanded to being the most widely adopted penetration testing framework in existence and is used by the security community all over the world.

Offensive Security has announced the release of BackTrack 4, an Ubuntu-based live DVD containing a large collection of tools for security audits, computer forensics and penetration testing: “BackTrack 4 final is out and along with this release come some exciting news, updates, and developments. BackTrack 4 has been a long and steady road, with the release of a beta last year, we decided to hold off on releasing BackTrack 4 final until it was perfected in every way, shape and form. This release includes a new kernel, a larger and expanded toolset repository, custom tools that you can only find on BackTrack, and more importantly, fixes to all major bugs that we knew of. This release has received an overwhelming support from the community and we are grateful to everyone who has contributed to the success of this release.”

Name of some tools that are included in BackTrack
1. Metasploit integration
2. RFMON Injection capable wireless drivers
3. Kismet
4. AutoScan-Network
5. Nmap
6. Ettercap
7. Wireshark (formerly known as Ethereal)
8. BeEF (Browser Exploitation Framework)

Download BackTrack
For more information about BackTrack visit their website.

Use of BitTorrent is not possible on some networks (e.g. institute or office lan). By using a secure connection (SSH), you can bypass almost every firewall. Linux or a UNIX-based OS terminal supports SSH. For Windows, you have to download SSH clients. There are may SSH clients, but PuTTY is (probably) the best and certainly the most popular. For this hack you need a SSH account. You can try one of these free shell providers from this list . So here it goes….
Steps:
1. Run putty and In the address box, put the hostname or IP address of the server you have an SSH account on. Make sure the SSH radio button or check-box is ticked, and be sure you’re using port 22.
2. In the menu, click on Proxy tab under Connections and put your proxy settings there.
3. In the menu, click on SSH and select enable compression. this will compress the traffic thru your SSH tunnel, which not only provides a modest improvement in transfer rates, but has some minor security benefits as well. Set your preferred protocol to “2″, or “2 only”.
4. Click on the tunnels menu under SSH. At the bottom, select the dynamic button, and enter a source port. Use any port (greater than 1024 like 4567). Click the “add” button.
5. Go back to the session tab in the menu, enter in a title for this proxy, and click save.
6. Now Configure your BitTorrent client. In uTorrent go to Options > Preferences > Connection. Enter your port number (which u use earlier like 4567), socks 4 or 5 as type, and localhost in the proxy field. Socks5 is preferable to version four, and supported by our SSH tunnel, so select it. Click OK, and you should now be proxying thru the server with the SSH account.
You’re done, restart your BitTorrent client and you’re ready to go. BitTorrent over SSH tends to be a bit slower than your normal connection, but it’s a great solution when BitTorrent connections are blocked.

Pakistani authorities have blocked 800 URLs that feature "blasphemous" and "sacrilegious" content in the wake of the ban on Facebook and YouTube, a representative of the country's association of internet service providers said on Saturday.

Acting on an order of the Lahore High Court, the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority initially banned popular social networking website Facebook over a page featuring a contest for "blasphemous" cartoons of Prophet Mohammed.

The ban was later extended YouTube and other links. The move also affected access to Wikipedia and Twitter, internet users said.

"So far, two sites and about 800 URLs have been blocked to prevent access to blasphemous and sacrilegious content," Wahaj-us-Siraj, a spokesman for the Internet Service Providers Association of Pakistan said.

URL or Uniform Resource Locator is the global address of documents and other resources on the World Wide Web.

Siraj said that since the author of the page on Facebook featuring the blasphemous cartoons had been removed, the PTA "probably needs to go back to the Lahore High Court, and then the court could lift the ban".

The final decision in such matters would have to be made by the PTA, he said. PTA spokesman Khurram Mehran said the authority would lift the ban only after receiving instructions from the government.

The competition for the caricatures triggered angry protests in Pakistan though internet users in bigger cities expressed disappointment at the blanket ban on popular websites.

Islam strictly prohibits the depiction of any prophet as blasphemous and Muslims all over the world staged angry protests over the publication of satirical cartoons of Prophet Mohammed in European newspapers in 2006.

Pakistan briefly banned YouTube in February 2008 over blasphemous cartoons of the Prophet Mohammed.

Last night the Wall Street Journal published about a new Facebook “privacy loophole” that resulted in user information being shared with advertisers. The information that was often shared by Facebook was the username of the person who clicked on the ad as detailed by Ben Edelman. While Facebook has become the subject of security attacks in recent weeks and has come under fire for legitimate concerns, your username has always been for sale, and not by Facebook.

A number of companies in the “social media” space are in the business of selling your data to third parties. Interestingly enough, many of these companies already have the profile data of the majority of Facebook users. That information has been systematically collected through applications as well as public resources found through Google. Trust me, the advertiser who could have theoretically collected your username through ads (even though they probably didn’t realize this was possible), would have paid more for your data by purchasing Facebook ads than going direct to third-party data sales companies.
The irony of the recent Facebook privacy debacle is that Facebook is actually attempting to give users more control, while third-parties are simultaneously stripping users of it. Yes, Facebook has overstepped their boundaries with the new “Instant Personalization” program in my own opinion, however most of your data has been accessible as long as you’ve been on the site.
Most likely that information was shared through third-party applications, but even if you chose not to use those applications, new data sales companies will create profiles of you based on the data you placed across multiple social networks. While we could dive into more details about the business of data sales the main point is this: having your Facebook username shared with advertisers is the tip of the iceberg.
The best way to protect your information is to avoid posting online anything you don’t want public. While I support users’ right to privacy, it’s best to assume your data is already available to other parties the moment you put it online. While I think we’re in the midst of a greater debate over the future of user privacy on the web thanks to the latest Facebook changes, the users already had control the moment they put their information into the ether.

For over a year now, the Roshans have been drumming up a steady beat, a feat unheard of in the film industry, in promoting their home production Kites. Be it the Barbara Mori-Hrithik Roshan kiss that almost put paid to his marriage with Suzanne, or the ailments suffered by director Anurag Basu and Barbara Mori, which bonded them on the sets or any such trivia they could get their hands on. Topmost being the Barbara-Hrithik romance/chemistry/escapades. All I believe, well choreographed by their PR machinery to feed the hungry media always on the overdrive to be the 'first' to get the 'scoop'.

So why am I beginning a review with the Roshan's PR strategy? Well, to begin with, this film does warrant this type of a scrutiny considering the moolah pumped in for PR, marketing, and the fact the that this is Hrithik's major release after two years. JODHAA AKBAR being his last if you discount his guest appearance in LUCK BY CHANCE. Everything for Hrithik hinged on KITES and he put every ounce of his creative energy in the promotion.

So is the PR strategy a success? You bet. Considering the people that thronged to watch the paid previews. Hrithik is a top draw and he does not disappoint once he gets his audience settled in their seats. KITES is a complete entertainer, a first of its kind in Bollywood; a multi-lingual film in Hindi-English and a spattering of Spanish. However, this film may find it hard to penetrate the interiors precisely for this reason.

But for now, let's celebrate KITES.

The story is uncomplicated. J (Hrithik) is a dance teacher with an eye on making a quick buck. Almost nine marriages later, with immigrants wanting a Green Card, he is stalked by Gina (Kangana Ranaut) a psycho who is besotted by him. J is freaked but soon realizes that she is his jackpot. Natasha (Barbara Mori) is one of his 'brides' who is now marrying Tony (Nick Brown), Gina's brother. Their father is an influential businessman who fronts a famous casino in the US of A. They have the entire state machinery in their pockets. Rub them the wrong way at your own risk.

	download KITES wallapers

The Indian Premier League (IPL) matches you have been keenly following for most of the past two months have been fixed, according to an income tax (I-T) report. Worse still, by none other than your cricketing idols.

Shockingly, those involved in fixing the matches are superstars of Indian cricket and even an international player, who is a captain of one of the teams, according to a top official in Delhi who is part of the I-T team investigating the alleged IPL scam. Some team owners too are allegedly involved.

Thankfully, the Big Three of Indian cricket -- Sachin Tendulkar, Sourav Ganguly and Rahul Dravid -- are clean and above this muck, the I-T investigator revealed.

The report (a copy of which is with MiD DAY) says, "During IPL, the match fixing and betting racket has scaled new heights."

Some seniors have allegedly been influencing juniors, often from their own regions, to fix matches. Probably for the first time in cricketing history, senior and junior cricketers playing in rival teams jointly fixed the outcome of matches, the official said. A clear pattern has supposedly emerged where a particular bowler has bowled easy deliveries and dropped catches, while his 'partner in crime' went on a scoring spree.

Investigating teams from I-T and the Enforcement Directorate are analysing phone records of some of the franchises after match-fixing speculations. Investigators are checking the phone records of several personalities who had access to VIP enclosures during IPL matches.

One of the persons mentioned in the I-T report is Samir Thukral, who, according to the report, "has an opulent lifestyle despite having no apparent source of income" and "carries out the betting on behalf of Lalit Modi where insider information as well as outcome fixing are hinted at".

About the IPL chairman's involvement, the I-T report says, "Lalit Modi is apparently deeply embroiled in both generation of black money, money laundering, betting in cricket (match fixing of certain IPL matches)."
While the report says that Thukral "is a permanent fixture at all IPL tournament matches", he told MiD DAY that he had attended only one match this season.

In an e-mail, Thukral said, "I would like to state that Lalit Modi is an old friend from college days and I have known him for over 30 years. However, I have no business or financial dealings with him or the IPL of any sort.

Also, in the last eight to 10 months I have only had the opportunity to meet him once. I strongly refute the allegations which are being made against me in the news; there is no truth in any of them."

A bookie, who did not wish to be named, revealed, "The stakes are so high that all operators want a share of the income. The value of IPL is well over Rs 6,000 crore and betting during each match is estimated at around Rs 500 crore. Some members of the underworld are believed to have secretly invested in the teams."