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What is database?
ANSWER:
A database is a logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning, representing some aspect of real world and which is designed, built and populated with data for a specific purpose.
A database is a logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning, representing some aspect of real world and which is designed, built and populated with data for a specific purpose.
QUESTION 2:
What is DBMS?
What is DBMS?
ANSWER:
? Redundancy is controlled.
? Unauthorized access is restricted.
? Providing multiple user interfaces.
? Enforcing integrity constraints.
? Providing backup and recovery.
? Redundancy is controlled.
? Unauthorized access is restricted.
? Providing multiple user interfaces.
? Enforcing integrity constraints.
? Providing backup and recovery.
QUESTION 4:
Disadvantage in File Processing System?
Disadvantage in File Processing System?
ANSWER:
? Data redundancy & inconsistency.
? Difficult in accessing data.
? Data isolation.
? Data integrity.
? Concurrent access is not possible.
? Security Problems. .
? Data redundancy & inconsistency.
? Difficult in accessing data.
? Data isolation.
? Data integrity.
? Concurrent access is not possible.
? Security Problems. .
QUESTION 5:
Describe the three levels of data abstraction?
Describe the three levels of data abstraction?
ANSWER:
The are three levels of abstraction:
The are three levels of abstraction:
? Physical level: The lowest level of abstraction describes how data are stored.
? Logical level: The next higher level of abstraction, describes what data are stored in database and what relationship among those data.
? View level: The highest level of abstraction describes only part of entire database.
QUESTION 6:
Define the "integrity rules"
Define the "integrity rules"
ANSWER:
There are two Integrity rules.
There are two Integrity rules.
? Referential Integrity: States that ?Foreign Key can be either a NULL value or should be Primary Key value of other relation.
QUESTION 7:
What is extension and intension?
What is extension and intension?
ANSWER:
Extension -It is the number of tuples present in a table at any instance. This is time dependent.
Extension -It is the number of tuples present in a table at any instance. This is time dependent.
Intension – It is a constant value that gives the name, structure of table and the constraints laid on it.
QUESTION 8:
What is System R? What are its two major subsystems?
What is System R? What are its two major subsystems?
ANSWER:
System R was designed and developed over a period of 1974-79 at IBM San Jose Research Center . It is a prototype and its purpose was to demonstrate that it is possible to build a Relational System that can be used in a real life environment to solve real life problems, with performance at least comparable to that of existing system.
System R was designed and developed over a period of 1974-79 at IBM San Jose Research Center . It is a prototype and its purpose was to demonstrate that it is possible to build a Relational System that can be used in a real life environment to solve real life problems, with performance at least comparable to that of existing system.
Its two subsystems are
? Research Storage
? System Relational Data System.
QUESTION 10:
How is the data structure of System R different from the relational structure?
How is the data structure of System R different from the relational structure?
ANSWER:
Unlike Relational systems in System R
Unlike Relational systems in System R
? Domains are not supported
? Enforcement of candidate key uniqueness is optional
? Enforcement of entity integrity is optional
? Referential integrity is not enforced
QUESTION 11:
What is Data Independence?
What is Data Independence?
ANSWER:
Data independence means that ?the application is independent of the storage structure and access strategy of data?. In other words, The ability to modify the schema definition in one level should not affect the schema definition in the next higher level.
Data independence means that ?the application is independent of the storage structure and access strategy of data?. In other words, The ability to modify the schema definition in one level should not affect the schema definition in the next higher level.
Two types of Data Independence:
? Physical Data Independence : Modification in physical level should not affect the logical level.
? Logical Data Independence : Modification in logical level should affect the view level.
? Physical Data Independence : Modification in physical level should not affect the logical level.
? Logical Data Independence : Modification in logical level should affect the view level.
NOTE: Logical Data Independence is more difficult to achieve
QUESTION 12:
What is a view? How it is related to data independence?
What is a view? How it is related to data independence?
ANSWER:
A view may be thought of as a virtual table, that is, a table that does not really exist in its own right but is instead derived from one or more underlying base table. In other words, there is no stored file that direct represents the view instead a definition of view is stored in data dictionary.
Growth and restructuring of base tables is not reflected in views. Thus the view can insulate users from the effects of restructuring and growth in the database. Hence accounts for logical data independence. .
A view may be thought of as a virtual table, that is, a table that does not really exist in its own right but is instead derived from one or more underlying base table. In other words, there is no stored file that direct represents the view instead a definition of view is stored in data dictionary.
Growth and restructuring of base tables is not reflected in views. Thus the view can insulate users from the effects of restructuring and growth in the database. Hence accounts for logical data independence. .
QUESTION 13:
What is Data Model?
What is Data Model?
ANSWER:
A collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships data semantics and constraints.
A collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships data semantics and constraints.
QUESTION 14:
What is E-R model?
What is E-R model?
ANSWER:
This data model is based on real world that consists of basic objects called entities and of relationship among these objects. Entities are described in a database by a set of attributes.
This data model is based on real world that consists of basic objects called entities and of relationship among these objects. Entities are described in a database by a set of attributes.
ANSWER:
This model is based on collection of objects. An object contains values stored in instance variables with in the object. An object also contains bodies of code that operate on the object. These bodies of code are called methods. Objects that contain same types of values and the same methods are grouped together into classes.
This model is based on collection of objects. An object contains values stored in instance variables with in the object. An object also contains bodies of code that operate on the object. These bodies of code are called methods. Objects that contain same types of values and the same methods are grouped together into classes.
QUESTION 16:
What is an Entity?
What is an Entity?
ANSWER:
It is a ‘thing’ in the real world with an independent existence.
It is a ‘thing’ in the real world with an independent existence.
QUESTION 17:
What is an Entity type?
What is an Entity type?
ANSWER:
It is a collection (set) of entities that have same attributes.
It is a collection (set) of entities that have same attributes.
QUESTION 18:
What is an Entity set?
What is an Entity set?
ANSWER:
It is a collection of all entities of particular entity type in the database.
It is a collection of all entities of particular entity type in the database.
QUESTION 19:
What is an Extension of entity type?
What is an Extension of entity type?
ANSWER:
The collections of entities of a particular entity type are grouped together into an entityset.
The collections of entities of a particular entity type are grouped together into an entityset.
QUESTION 20:
What is Weak Entity set?
What is Weak Entity set?
ANSWER:
An entity set may not have sufficient attributes to form a primary key, and its primary key compromises of its partial key and primary key of its parent entity, then it is said to be Weak Entity set.
An entity set may not have sufficient attributes to form a primary key, and its primary key compromises of its partial key and primary key of its parent entity, then it is said to be Weak Entity set.
QUESTION 21:
What is an attribute?
What is an attribute?
ANSWER:
It is a particular property, which describes the entity.
It is a particular property, which describes the entity.
QUESTION 22:
What is a Relation Schema and a Relation?
What is a Relation Schema and a Relation?
ANSWER:
A relation Schema denoted by R(A1, A2, ?, An) is made up of the relation name R and the list of attributes Ai that it contains. A relation is defined as a set of tuples. Let r be the relation which contains set tuples (t1, t2, t3, …, tn). Each tuple is an ordered list of n-values t=(v1,v2, …, vn).
A relation Schema denoted by R(A1, A2, ?, An) is made up of the relation name R and the list of attributes Ai that it contains. A relation is defined as a set of tuples. Let r be the relation which contains set tuples (t1, t2, t3, …, tn). Each tuple is an ordered list of n-values t=(v1,v2, …, vn).
QUESTION 23:
What is degree of a Relation?
What is degree of a Relation?
ANSWER:
It is the number of attribute of its relation schema.
It is the number of attribute of its relation schema.
QUESTION 24:
What is Relationship?
What is Relationship?
ANSWER:
It is an association among two or more entities.
It is an association among two or more entities.
QUESTION 25:
What is Relationship set?
What is Relationship set?
ANSWER:
The collection (or set) of similar relationships.
The collection (or set) of similar relationships.
QUESTION 26:
What is Relationship type?
What is Relationship type?
ANSWER:
Relationship type defines a set of associations or a relationship set among a given set of entity types.
Relationship type defines a set of associations or a relationship set among a given set of entity types.
QUESTION 27:
What is degree of Relationship type?
What is degree of Relationship type?
ANSWER:
It is the number of entity type participating.
It is the number of entity type participating.
QUESTION 28:
What is Data Storage – Definition Language?
What is Data Storage – Definition Language?
ANSWER:
The storage structures and access methods used by database system are specified by a set of definition in a special type of DDL called data storage-definition language.
The storage structures and access methods used by database system are specified by a set of definition in a special type of DDL called data storage-definition language.
QUESTION 29:
What is DML (Data Manipulation Language)?
What is DML (Data Manipulation Language)?
ANSWER:
This language that enable user to access or manipulate data as organised by appropriate data model.
This language that enable user to access or manipulate data as organised by appropriate data model.
? Procedural DML or Low level: DML requires a user to specify what data are needed and how to get those data.
? Non-Procedural DML or High level: DML requires a user to specify what data are needed without specifying how to get those data.
QUESTION 30:
What is VDL (View Definition Language)?
What is VDL (View Definition Language)?
ANSWER:
It specifies user views and their mappings to the conceptual schema.
It specifies user views and their mappings to the conceptual schema.
QUESTION 31:
What is DML Compiler?
What is DML Compiler?
ANSWER:
It translates DML statements in a query language into low-level instruction that the query evaluation engine can understand.
It translates DML statements in a query language into low-level instruction that the query evaluation engine can understand.
QUESTION 32:
What is Query evaluation engine?
What is Query evaluation engine?
ANSWER:
It executes low-level instruction generated by compiler.
It executes low-level instruction generated by compiler.
QUESTION 33:
What is DDL Interpreter?
What is DDL Interpreter?
ANSWER:
It interprets DDL statements and record them in tables containing metadata.
It interprets DDL statements and record them in tables containing metadata.
QUESTION 34:
What is Record-at-a-time?
What is Record-at-a-time?
ANSWER:
The Low level or Procedural DML can specify and retrieve each record from a set of records. This retrieve of a record is said to be Record-at-a-time.
The Low level or Procedural DML can specify and retrieve each record from a set of records. This retrieve of a record is said to be Record-at-a-time.
QUESTION 35:
What is Set-at-a-time or Set-oriented?
What is Set-at-a-time or Set-oriented?
ANSWER:
The High level or Non-procedural DML can specify and retrieve many records in a single DML statement. This retrieve of a record is said to be Set-at-a-time or Set-oriented.
The High level or Non-procedural DML can specify and retrieve many records in a single DML statement. This retrieve of a record is said to be Set-at-a-time or Set-oriented.
QUESTION 36:
What is Relational Algebra?
What is Relational Algebra?
ANSWER:
It is procedural query language. It consists of a set of operations that take one or two relations as input and produce a new relation.
It is procedural query language. It consists of a set of operations that take one or two relations as input and produce a new relation.
QUESTION 37:
What is Relational Calculus?
What is Relational Calculus?
ANSWER:
It is an applied predicate calculus specifically tailored for relational databases proposed by E.F. Codd. E.g. of languages based on it are DSL ALPHA, QUEL.
It is an applied predicate calculus specifically tailored for relational databases proposed by E.F. Codd. E.g. of languages based on it are DSL ALPHA, QUEL.
QUESTION 38:
How does Tuple-oriented relational calculus differ from domain-oriented relational calculus
How does Tuple-oriented relational calculus differ from domain-oriented relational calculus
ANSWER:
The tuple-oriented calculus uses a tuple variables i.e., variable whose only permitted values are tuples of that relation. E.g. QUEL
The tuple-oriented calculus uses a tuple variables i.e., variable whose only permitted values are tuples of that relation. E.g. QUEL
The domain-oriented calculus has domain variables i.e., variables that range over the underlying domains instead of over relation. E.g. ILL, DEDUCE.
QUESTION 39:
What is normalization?
What is normalization?
ANSWER:
It is a process of analysing the given relation schemas based on their Functional Dependencies (FDs) and primary key to achieve the properties
It is a process of analysing the given relation schemas based on their Functional Dependencies (FDs) and primary key to achieve the properties
? Minimizing redundancy
? Minimizing insertion, deletion and update anomalies.
QUESTION 40:
What is Functional Dependency?
What is Functional Dependency?
ANSWER:
A Functional dependency is denoted by X Y between two sets of attributes X and Y that are subsets of R specifies a constraint on the possible tuple that can form a relation state r of R. The constraint is for any two tuples t1 and t2 in r if t1[X] = t2[X] then they have t1[Y] = t2[Y]. This means the value of X component of a tuple uniquely determines the value of component Y.
A Functional dependency is denoted by X Y between two sets of attributes X and Y that are subsets of R specifies a constraint on the possible tuple that can form a relation state r of R. The constraint is for any two tuples t1 and t2 in r if t1[X] = t2[X] then they have t1[Y] = t2[Y]. This means the value of X component of a tuple uniquely determines the value of component Y.
QUESTION 41:
When is a functional dependency F said to be minimal?
When is a functional dependency F said to be minimal?
ANSWER:
? Every dependency in F has a single attribute for its right hand side.
? Every dependency in F has a single attribute for its right hand side.
? We cannot replace any dependency X A in F with a dependency Y A where Y is a proper subset of X and still have a set of dependency that is equivalent to F.
? We cannot remove any dependency from F and still have set of dependency that is equivalent to F.
QUESTION 42:
What is Multivalued dependency?
What is Multivalued dependency?
ANSWER:
Multivalued dependency denoted by X Y specified on relation schema R, where X and Y are both subsets of R, specifies the following constraint on any relation r of R: if two tuples t1 and t2 exist in r such that t1[X] = t2[X] then t3 and t4 should also exist in r with the following properties
Multivalued dependency denoted by X Y specified on relation schema R, where X and Y are both subsets of R, specifies the following constraint on any relation r of R: if two tuples t1 and t2 exist in r such that t1[X] = t2[X] then t3 and t4 should also exist in r with the following properties
? t3[x] = t4[X] = t1[X] = t2[X]
? t3[Y] = t1[Y] and t4[Y] = t2[Y]
? t3[Z] = t2[Z] and t4[Z] = t1[Z]
where [Z = (R-(X U Y)) ]
QUESTION 43:
What is Lossless join property?
What is Lossless join property?
ANSWER:
It guarantees that the spurious tuple generation does not occur with respect to relation schemas after decomposition.
It guarantees that the spurious tuple generation does not occur with respect to relation schemas after decomposition.
QUESTION 44:
What is 1 NF (Normal Form)?
What is 1 NF (Normal Form)?
ANSWER:
The domain of attribute must include only atomic (simple, indivisible) values.
The domain of attribute must include only atomic (simple, indivisible) values.
QUESTION 45:
What is Fully Functional dependency?
What is Fully Functional dependency?
ANSWER:
It is based on concept of full functional dependency. A functional dependency X Y is full functional dependency if removal of any attribute A from X means that the dependency does not hold any more.
It is based on concept of full functional dependency. A functional dependency X Y is full functional dependency if removal of any attribute A from X means that the dependency does not hold any more.
QUESTION 46:
What is 2NF?
What is 2NF?
ANSWER:
A relation schema R is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and every non-prime attribute A in R is fully functionally dependent on primary key.
A relation schema R is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and every non-prime attribute A in R is fully functionally dependent on primary key.
QUESTION 47:
What is 3NF?
What is 3NF?
ANSWER:
A relation schema R is in 3NF if it is in 2NF and for every FD X A either of the following is true
A relation schema R is in 3NF if it is in 2NF and for every FD X A either of the following is true
? X is a Super-key of R.
? A is a prime attribute of R.
In other words, if every non prime attribute is non-transitively dependent on primary key.
QUESTION 48:
What is BCNF (Boyce-Codd Normal Form)?
What is BCNF (Boyce-Codd Normal Form)?
ANSWER:
A relation schema R is in BCNF if it is in 3NF and satisfies an additional constraint that for every FD X A, X must be a candidate key.
A relation schema R is in BCNF if it is in 3NF and satisfies an additional constraint that for every FD X A, X must be a candidate key.
QUESTION 49:
What is 4NF?
What is 4NF?
ANSWER:
A relation schema R is said to be in 4NF if for every Multivalued dependency X Y that holds over R, one of following is true
A relation schema R is said to be in 4NF if for every Multivalued dependency X Y that holds over R, one of following is true
? X is subset or equal to (or) XY = R.
? X is a super key.
QUESTION 50:
What is 5NF?
What is 5NF?
ANSWER:
A Relation schema R is said to be 5NF if for every join dependency {R1, R2, …, Rn} that holds R, one the following is true
A Relation schema R is said to be 5NF if for every join dependency {R1, R2, …, Rn} that holds R, one the following is true
? Ri = R for some i.
? The join dependency is implied by the set of FD, over R in which the left side is key of R.
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Thx for the info.can u post more topics on joins?different types of quires asked on joins?
it was vry useful